Loratadine與 Fexofenadine的區別及醫護人員使用注意事項
1. 藥理機制與代謝途徑
- Loratadine:第二代抗組織胺藥,透過抑制周邊H1受體緩解過敏。經肝臟CYP3A4/2D6代謝,活性代謝物為去羧乙氧基氯雷他定(desloratadine)。
- Fexofenadine:為terfenadine的活性代謝物,直接作用於H1受體。不經肝臟代謝,主要以原型經腎臟(80%)和糞便(11%)排出。
1. 藥理機制與代謝途徑
Naltrexone是一種鴉片受體拮抗劑,主要用於治療酒精和鴉片類藥物成癮12。它通過阻斷鴉片類藥物和酒精對大腦的激活作用,減少患者對這些物質的渴求和愉悅感。
Naltrexone的作用機制是競爭性地結合鴉片受體,從而阻止嗎啡、海洛因等鴉片類藥物的藥理作用。這使得它在戒酒和戒毒治療中非常有效。
(閱讀全文…)(2016年12月25日第十二屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十五次會議通過)
中華民國憲法增修條文第十條第五項明定國家應推行全民健康保險,並促進現代和傳統醫藥之研究發展。為落實憲法所賦予國家應促進現代及傳統醫藥研究發展之義務,及因應世界衛生組織(World Health Organization,以下簡稱 WHO)發表「2014~2023 年傳統醫學戰略」,呼籲各國應重視並制定政策管理傳統醫藥,健全傳統醫學之制度規範及提升病人安全,促進傳統醫學對全民健康之角色與貢獻,精進中醫藥發展。又綜觀近年來,鄰近國家為發展傳統醫學,紛紛制定傳統醫藥專法奠定法制基礎,並帶動傳統醫學之快速發展。反觀我國雖已將中醫藥納入醫療及全民健康保險體系,並制(訂)定多項中醫藥政策及法規,然而在中醫藥醫療、產業、研究及人才培育等範疇,由於行政及財政支援不足,致無法針對中醫藥發展特性及需求提供適當資源,面臨發展瓶頸及停滯困境,亟需制定法律確立國家中醫藥發展之基本原則,保障及穩定挹注經費,促進中醫藥永續發展並增進全民健康。爰擬具「中醫藥發展法」(以下簡稱本法)草案,其要點如下:
一、 本法之用詞定義。(草案第三條)
二、 政府應保障並充實中醫藥發展所需經費;中央主機關應定期訂定中醫藥發展計畫,並遴聘(派)中醫藥學者專家及產業界人士代表召開會議,諮詢中醫藥發展政策。(草案第四條至第六條)
三、 中醫藥發展之補助或獎勵事項。(草案第七條)
四、 強化中醫藥於全民健康照護之功能及角色,並提升中醫醫療資源可近性及醫療品質,發展中西醫合作與具中醫特色之醫療照護及服務。(草案第八條至第十一條)
五、 政府應發展及輔導國內中藥藥用植物種植,完善中藥品質管理規範,加強中藥上市後監測,並輔導中藥產業開拓國際市場。(草案第十二條至第十五條)
六、 推廣與輔導保存具中醫藥特色之知識及傳統技藝,建置國家中醫藥知識庫,整合產官學之研究資源,以發展中醫藥實證醫學。(草案第十六條至第十八條)
七、 衛生福利部國家中醫藥研究所為配合執行第五條中醫藥發展計畫,得設置中醫藥研究基金。(草案第十九條)
八、 鼓勵中醫藥研究及管理成果,進行國際交流;健全中醫醫事人力規劃,培育中醫藥科技研究人才,並普及國民中醫藥知識教育。(草案第二十條至第二十三條)
尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)是存在於所有活細胞中的輔酶。它在多種生物過程中起著重要作用,包括能量代謝和細胞信號傳導。 NAD+來源於B族維生素菸酸(也稱為維生素B3)。
NAD+作為一個輔酶發揮作用,這意味著它幫助酶完成其特定的化學反應。在這種能力下,NAD+參與氧化還原反應,涉及分子間電子的轉移。具體而言,NAD+可以接受電子(成為NADH)或捐贈電子(再生NAD+)。
NAD+的主要作用是在細胞呼吸中,這是細胞將營養物轉化為能量的過程。在葡萄糖和脂肪酸的分解過程中,NAD+接受電子和氫離子,成為NADH。然後,NADH將這些電子轉移到電子傳遞鏈中,其中能量用於生成細胞的主要能量分子三磷酸腺苷(ATP)。
NAD+還參與其他細胞過程,例如DNA修復、基因表達和細胞信號傳導。它作為酶類素的底物,調節與衰老、代謝和應激反應相關的重要細胞功能。
此外,NAD+可以通過不同途徑在細胞中合成,包括新生合成途徑和拯救途徑。在拯救途徑中,菸酸或其衍生物煙酰胺(NAM)可以通過一系列酶反應轉化為NAD+。
保持適當的NAD+水平對於細胞功能和整體健康至關重要。研究表明,NAD+水平可能隨著年齡的增長而下降,並且這種下降與各種與年齡相關的疾病有關。因此,人們越來越關注NAD+補充或激活NAD+代謝的潛在治療應用。
值得注意的是,最近的研究發現了NAD+的另一種形式,稱為NADP+(尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸酯)。 NADP+在合成反應(如生物合成和抗氧化防禦)中發揮特定作用,而NAD+主要在分解反應(如能量產生)中發揮作用。 NAD+和NADP+都是細胞代謝中的重要輔酶,在結構和功能上密切相關。
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Learning Chinese medicine is not just about memorizing facts but also about understanding the fundamental principles governing this ancient form of healing. Fortunately, thanks to the internet and other modern resources, it is now possible to learn Chinese medicine in English, even without any prior knowledge. In this article, we’ll explore how to get started with learning Chinese medicine in English, as well as some fun ways to go about it.
The first step to learning Chinese medicine in English is to understand the fundamentals of this ancient practice. The foundation of Chinese medicine is built on five elements: fire, water, metal, earth, and wood, and the balance between Yin and Yang. From this structure, you can learn the different organs, their functions, and how to diagnose and treat imbalances.
To get a deeper understanding, it is important to study the theories and principles of Chinese medicine. Popular books like The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine and The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders offer great insight into the world of Chinese medicine and its various applications.
Chinese medicine also has its own language, which is based on the language of natural phenomena like seasons, weather, and animals. To really understand the nuances of Chinese medicine, it is important to familiarize yourself with these terms and their meanings.
Finally, it is a great idea to familiarize yourself with the tools used in Chinese medicine, such as acupuncture and moxibustion. Knowing how these tools work and why they are used can help you better understand the many applications of Chinese medicine.
Learning Chinese medicine doesn’t have to be a chore. There are plenty of fun and engaging ways to get started. For instance, finding an online course or an in-person workshop that caters to your needs can be a great place to start.
Another great way to learn about Chinese medicine is to go on a trip to China, where you can immerse yourself in the culture and learn firsthand from local professionals. Even if you don’t have the time or money to go to China, you can still find plenty of online resources that teach Chinese medicine in English.
When learning Chinese medicine, it’s also a great idea to make use of the many apps and videos available online. These are a great way to make learning more interactive and engaging. You can also find plenty of online forums and discussion boards where you can share your knowledge and learn from others.
Finally, make sure to practice what you learn! Practicing Chinese medicine can help you gain a deeper understanding of the concepts and principles. You can do this by offering free treatments to friends and family, or by volunteering at a local clinic.
Learning Chinese medicine in English can be both fun and rewarding. With the right resources and guidance, you can quickly get started on your journey towards becoming a Chinese medicine practitioner. So take the plunge and start learning!
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